Is the Bible Historically Accurate?

Archeological Evidence For The Tel Dan Inscription
Throughout the 1980’s and early 1990’s, a group called the Bible minimalism was advancing. Minimalists think the Bible is of very little worth traditionally, considered that it’s not truly dependable, in their viewpoint. Among their prime targets was King David. For instance, University of Sheffield Teacher, Dr. Philip R. Davies, specified, “I’m not the only scholar who presumes that the figure of King David has to do with as historic as King Arthur.” Archaeologist, Israel Finkelstien has actually declared, “The joined kingdom of David and Solomon, explained in the Bible as a local power, was at the majority of, a little tribal kingdom … David’s kingdom was just 500 individuals with sticks in their hands screaming and cursing and spitting.” Bible minimalists asserted that King David’s broadened kingdom, as explained in the Bible were absolutely nothing more than legend and misconception.

In 1993 archaeologists were excavating at Tel Dan, the area of the ancient city of Dan situated in north Israel. While excavating, they found a damaged stone, roughly 32 cm high by 22 cm broad, with an Aramaic engraving on it. The next year, 2 more pieces of the inscription were uncovered. The engraving triggered an instantaneous feeling, and put minimalists, who had actually crowed about the reality that there was no proof for King David beyond the Bible, directly on the defensive.

The inscription records the success of the King of Aram (probably Hazael, although he is not called) over Omni, the King of Israel, and his ally, the king of the “Home of David.” It dates to the ninth century B.C., about 200 years after David’s guideline. The expression, “Home of David,” set the historical world afire. For the very first time, there was a clear, widely-acknowledged recommendation to David. Archaeologist, Yosef Garfinkel discusses the significance of the engraving: “‘ Home of David’ implies ‘dynasty of David’. So now we understand that there was a man called David and he had a dynasty … this is definitely clear that David is not a mythological figure. So the mythological paradigm collapsed in one minute.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU0QBlcemjs

The Astronomical Study That Proved A Strange Passage Of The Bible May Actually Be True
https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/the-astronomical-study-that-proved-a-strange-passage-of-the-bible-may-actually-be-true/?fbclid=IwAR2vIgTcEdlWGT2x1JfDZOA3gVZPoaK7kGDh2j_PPeMHZx7n_w4l8LeC4D8

Archaeologist claims to find oldest Hebrew text in Israel, including the name of God
https://www.timesofisrael.com/archaeologist-claims-to-find-oldest-hebrew-text-in-israel-including-the-name-of-god/

Evidence Suggests The Burning Of Jerusalem Described In The Bible Really Did Happen

Researchers at the site in the Jerusalem Walls National Park found many burnt artifacts dating from 2,600 years ago, confirming a reference in the Bible that describes the burning of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. Jerusalem is thought to have fallen around 587 BCE.

The findings, including burnt pottery, wood, grape seeds, and bones all covered in layers of ash, provide further evidence that the Babylonians "burned all the houses of Jerusalem", as described in the Book of Jeremiah.

https://www.iflscience.com/new-evidence-confirms-the-burning-of-jerusalem-by-babylonians-described-in-the-bible-43004

https://www.israelinegypt.com/

More Discoveries That Prove Parts of the Bible
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZHeUGexiO8

1. House in Capernaum:
- An excavated house in Capernaum from the 1st century AD is believed to have been the home of St. Peter, where Jesus stayed and began his ministry. The house was converted into an early church site, with Christian graffiti on the walls, before a larger Byzantine church was built over it in the 5th century.

2. Earthquake in the reign of King Uzziah: 
- An earthquake mentioned in the books of Amos, Zechariah, Ezekiel and 2 Chronicles that struck during the reign of King Uzziah of Judah in the 8th century BC has been corroborated by archaeological evidence. Ruins dated to around 760 BC were found near the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, showing damage consistent with a massive 7.8-8.2 magnitude quake.

3. Evidence of Crucifixion:
- In 1968, a 2000-year-old Jewish burial cave was found containing an ossuary (bone box) with the inscription "Yehohanan, the son of [could be interpreted as] 'the crucified'". One of the skeletons had a nail driven through its heel bone, providing the first archaeological evidence of crucifixion as a Roman execution method.

4. Babylonian Siege of Jerusalem: 
- Both the biblical Book of Kings and Babylonian cuneiform chronicles give matching accounts of King Nebuchadnezzar's defeat of Pharaoh Neco, conquest of Jerusalem in 598 BC, deposing of King Jehoiachin, and plundering of treasures from Solomon's Temple.

5. Kingdom of Edom:
- Long considered mythical by some historians, the existence of the Biblical kingdom of Edom, descended from Esau, has been confirmed by excavations of sophisticated copper mines and smelting operations in southern Israel dating back to the 13th century BC, matching the Biblical timeline.

The archaeological finds provide remarkable corroboration for numerous events, places, and details described in the biblical texts across multiple books.

The ruins that could prove the Bible was TRUE: Stretch of wall in ancient Jerusalem vindicates the holy book's account, archaeologists claim

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-13378663/ruins-Jerusalem-prove-Bible-wall.html

https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2024-04-29/ty-article-magazine/jerusalem-in-king-davids-time-was-much-larger-than-previously-thought-researchers-say/0000018f-155d-d2e1-a7df-15ffc4a20000

A scientific breakthrough has exposed the truth about a site in ancient Jerusalem, overturning expert opinion and vindicating the Bible's account.  Until now, experts believed a stretch of wall in the original heart of the city was built by Hezekiah, King of Judah, whose reign straddled the seventh and eighth centuries BC.  He had seen his neighbours to the north, the Kingdom of Israel, destroyed by the Assyrian Empire, and it was thought that he built the wall to defend against the invaders.  But now an almost decade-long study has revealed it was built by his great-grandfather, Uzziah, after a huge earthquake, echoing the account of the Bible.  The wall is in the City of David – the historic archaeological site that formed the original town of Jerusalem, according to the Bible.  The stretch of wall, at the eastern slopes of the City of David, was long assumed to be built by Hezekiah, King of Judah

An almost decade-long study has revealed it was built by his great-grandfather, Uzziah, after a huge earthquake, echoing the account of the Bible

Who was Hezekiah? Mentioned in the books of Kings, Isaiah and Chronicles in the Bible, King Hezekiah is regarded as one of the greatest kings of Judah. He is thought to have ruled between 715BC and 686BC following the death of his father King Ahaz. According to the Hebrew Bible he was 25 when he assumed the throne. Following the death of the Assyrian king Sargon II, Hezekiah took the opportunity to throw off the subservience of his kingdom to the Assyrians. He ceased to pay the tribute imposed upon his father and instead allied himself with Egypt. Sargon's son Sennacherib embarked on a series of attempts to suppress this rebellion which culmulated in the siege of Jerusalem. Hezekiah's reign is thought to have brought about a notable increase in the power of Judah in the region and it became an important state on the frontier between Assyria and Egpt. The Hebrew Bible also describes how Hezekiah made a miraculous recovery from a sickness after praying to God. He went on to live for another 15 years.

Joe Uziel of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) said: 'For decades, it was assumed that this wall was built by Hezekiah, King of Judah.  'But it is now becoming clear that it dates back to the days of King Uzziah, as hinted at in the Bible. 'Until now, many researchers assumed that the wall was built by Hezekiah during his rebellion against Sennacherib, King of Assyria, in order to defend Jerusalem during the Assyrian siege.  'It is now apparent that the wall in its eastern part, in the area of the City of David, was built earlier, shortly after the great earthquake of Jerusalem, and as part of the construction of the city.'  The Old Testament describes the construction in the Second Book of Chronicles.  It reads: 'Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem at the Corner Gate, at the Valley Gate and at the angle of the wall, and he fortified them.'  Scripture also attests to the seismic activity – with the Old-Testament Book of Amos dating itself to 'two years before the earthquake, when Uzziah was king of Judah'. The study, a joint project between the IAA, Tel Aviv University, and the Weizmann Institute of Science, revealed the provenance of the ancient wall using carbon-14 dating.  Also known as radiocarbon dating, this technique uses the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon (14C) to measure the time and date objects containing carbon-bearing material.  According to the IAA, this period of history was previously considered a 'black hole' for carbon-14 dating, due to fluctuating levels of the isotope in the atmosphere at the time.

Until now, experts believed a stretch of wall in the original heart of the city was built by Hezekiah, King of Judah (left). But the study has revealed it was built by his great-grandfather, Uzziah (left) after a huge earthquake

The city wall unearthed in the City of David was not built during the days of Hezekiah as part of the preparations for the Assyrian siege, but rather earlier, during the days of King Uzziah, subsequent to the earthquake that occurred in Jerusalem

But using ancient tree rings from Europe, scientists were able to chart these fluctuations year by year.  Elisabetta Boaretto of the Weizmann Institute said: 'The resolution of c-14 was very bad – 200-300 years; it was impossible to distinguish anything else.  'With the work we've done in the City of David, we succeeded to reach a resolution less than 10 years, which is really something very very new and dramatic.'  The scientists took their samples from organic artifacts found at four different excavation sites in the ancient heart of Jerusalem – sometimes called the City of David.  Among these were grape seeds, date pits and even bat skeletons.  All were cleaned, converted into graphite, then put into a particle accelerator at speeds of 3,000km per second to separate the carbon-14 from other organic material.  Measuring the carbon then revealed the sample's true age.  Yuval Gadot of Tel Aviv University said the method had also pushed back the westward expansion of the city by five generations.  The wall is in the City of David – the historic archaeological site that formed the original town of Jerusalem, according to the Bible

Researchers have succeeded in using 'exact science' to link events mentioned in the Bible to archaeological findings unearthed in the city of David
Has the kingdom of King David been found? Archaeologist claims five fortified cities near Jerusalem were ruled by the Biblical figure in 1000 BC

He said: 'Until now, most researchers have linked Jerusalem's growth to the west, to the period of King Hezekiah – just over 2,700 years ago.  'The conventional assumption to date has been that the city expanded due to the arrival of refugees from the Kingdom of Israel in the north, following the Assyrian exile.  'However, the new findings strengthen the view that Jerusalem grew in size and spread towards Mount Zion already in the ninth century BC.  'This was during the reign of King Jehoash – a hundred years before the Assyrian exile.  'In light of this, the new research teaches that the expansion of Jerusalem is a result of internal-Judean demographic growth and the establishment of political and economic systems.'  The research presents over 100 radiocarbon dates taken from four different excavation areas throughout the City of David. These dates were obtained by sampling organic finds such as grape seeds, date pits, and even bat skeletons found in one of the structures. All were cleaned, converted into graphite, then put into a particle accelerator at speeds of 3,000km per second to separate the carbon-14 from other organic material

What's more, it shows that the city was larger than thought during the reigns David and Solomon.  Dr Uziel said: 'During the 10th century BC, the days of David and Solomon, this research has shown that the city is occupied in different areas, and seems to have been larger than we thought previously.  'We can pinpoint specific buildings and relate them to specific kings mentioned in the Biblical text.'  The Kingdom of Judah would last until 587 BC, when the Babylonians besieged and destroyed its capital Jerusalem, along with Solomon's Temple – often called the First Temple.  Has the kingdom of King David been found? Archaeologist claims five fortified cities near Jerusalem were ruled by the Biblical figure in 1000 BC  An archaeologist claims the ruins of five fortified cities outside of Jerusalem belonged to the same kingdom ruled by the Biblical figure King David. Yosef Garfinkle with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem believes the cities date to the early 10th century BC, some 200 years than previously thought, placing their construction in the time of David. Garfinkel's study, published in June, describes the cities all featuring two parallel walls in the center and organized roads, suggesting the network was connected to one kingdom. While the cities were discovered separately, the archaeologist claims he is the first to connect the dots - determining they are an organized urban network built around 1000 BC. And King David ruled from 1104 to 960 BC during the Iron Age. David is said to have been a shepherd boy who became Israel's third and most crucial king around 1000 BC when he united all the tribes of Israel under a single monarch - but the story has been disputed due to a lack of evidence.

Archaeologists May Have Found Traditional Home of Jesus' Apostles by the Sea of Galilee
Below an early church in the village they think was Bethsaida, archaeologists uncovered a ‘sacred wall’ – that couldn’t have been from Peter the Apostle’s house. However, the one next to it could have been

https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2023-11-08/ty-article-magazine/archaeologists-find-site-early-christians-venerated-as-apostle-peters-home/0000018b-ae8c-d3c1-a39b-beedd7520000

BELSHAZZAR FOUND
The Bible speaks of Belshazzar, the king of Babylon killed by the Persians (Daniel 5:30).
The archeological evidence at the time had Nabonidus as the last king of Babylon. Critics of the Bible quickly jumped on this difference between the archeological record and the Bible. Belshazzar was actually the SON of Nabonidus. Nabonidus lived in Arabia, and Belshazzar was the acting king of Babylon who was killed by the Persians.
Seen in this photo is the Nabonidus Chronicle, an ancient Babylonian text which chronicles the reign of Belshazzar's father and also documents the period during which Belshazzar was regent in Babylon.
The Bible is, and has always been, historically accurate!
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar...
https://creation.com/archaeology-belshazzar

29 August 2024   Existence of another figure from the Bible may have just been proven - after discovery of 'genie' stone

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-13793143/archaeologists-discover-genie-seal-stone-jerusalem-bible.html

An ancient stone seal has been discovered in Jerusalem that may be linked to a warrior mentioned in the Bible. The black dime-sized relic was likely worn as an amulet around the neck of a man who held a senior position in the holy city some 2,700 years ago. Stone seals were used as a sort of ancient I.D. card. This one bears an engraving of a winged 'genie' or 'demon' that has never been seen before in Israel. Two names are also inscribed on the seal - 'Yehoʼezer' and 'Hoshʼayahu' - which are both mentioned in the bible. 'Yoʼezer,' the abbreviated form of Yehoʼezer, was the name of one of the warriors of King David, the king of Israel at the time. Archaeologists discovered an ancient stone seal in Jerusalem

And the name Hoshʼayahu is a parallel form of the name ʼAzariah ben Hoshʼaya,' which is mentioned in the book of Jeremiah.  'It is not impossible that perhaps it was Yehoʼezer himself who engraved the names on the object,' said research partner Ronny Reich from the University of Haifa in a press release.  This finding also provides new evidence to support a multi-national culture thriving in ancient Jerusalem, as it is described in the bible.

During the first temple period, when this seal was made, Jerusalem was subject to the Assyrian Empire. The artistic and cultural influence of this ruling power is reflected in the seal, as it bears an engraving of a winged protective figure. Figures of winged demons are known in the Neo-Assyrian art of the 9th-7th Centuries BCE, according to the press release.  The fact that the seal's original owner chose a demon as his personal insignia 'may attest to his feeling that he belonged to the broader cultural context,' said excavation director Yuval Baruch.  But the two names inscribed on either side of this figure are written in Hebrew script, suggesting that whoever carved them held tightly onto his local identity, said Baruch.  'This is an extremely rare and unusual discovery,' said IAA Archeologist and Assyriologist Filip Vukosavovic, who studied the seal.  This seal 'opens another window for us into the days of the Kingdom of Judah during the First Temple period, and attests to that administration’s international connections,' said Israeli Minister of Heritage Rabbi Amichai Eliyahu. The dime-sized seal bears inscriptions that provide evidence multi-national culture thriving in ancient Jerusalem, as it is described in the bible.

The seal was discovered near the Southern Wall of Temple Mount in the City of David National Park.

'In doing so, it demonstrates the importance and centrality of Jerusalem already 2,700 years ago.'  What's more, it offers a clearer picture of the reading and writing abilities of Jerusalemites during this period.   'Contrary to what may be commonly thought, it seems that literacy in this period was not the realm only of society's elite.  'People knew how to read and write – at least at the basic level, for the needs of commerce,' Baruch said.  The researchers found the seal near the Southern Wall of Temple Mount in the City of David National Park. They believe that the seal was worn as an amulet by a man named Hoshʼayahu, who held a senior position in the Kingdom of Judah's administration. They based their conclusion on the presence of a hole drilled through the piece, likely to allow it to be worn on a string, and the high artistic level required to produce the piece.  'The seal, made of black stone, is one of the most beautiful ever discovered in excavations in ancient Jerusalem,' the researchers said. The figure depicted on the seal is striding towards the right and raising one arm forward with an open palm, 'perhaps to suggest some object it is holding,' the press release stated.  The researchers believe that the relic was originally owned by a man named Hoshʼayahu. When he died, his son Yehoʼezer carved their names into the seal.

An inscription in Paleo-Hebrew script is engraved on either side of the figure. It reads, 'LeYehoʼezer ben Hoshʼayahu.' The name Yehoʼezer appears in the bible in its abbreviated form, Yoʼezer, who was one of King David's fighters. And in the book of Jeremiah, which describes the time period during which the seal was made, the name Hoshʼayahu appears in a parallel form: Azariah ben Hoshʼaya. The two parts of the biblical first name are written in reverse order to the seal owners name, the researchers explain. The second name is the same, but it appears in its abbreviated form on the seal. Therefore, the writing form in these biblical texts fits the name inscribed on the newly discovered seal, offering more evidence that it was made during the first temple period. While the winged figure appears to have been carefully engraved, the carving of the names 'was done in a sloppy manner,' said research partner Ronny Reich, a professor at the University of Haifa. This supports the researchers' theory that upon Hoshʼayahu's death, his son Yehoʼezer inherited the seal and carved his name and his father's name on either side of the demon.  'This singular find joins the list of countless archeological discoveries in the City of David - the historic site of Biblical Jerusalem - affirming Jerusalem's Biblical heritage,' Ze'ev Orenstein, director of International Affairs for the City of David Foundation, told Fox News Digital. 'It similarly serves as yet another affirmation of the thousands-of-year-old bond rooting the Jewish people in Jerusalem - not simply as a matter of faith, but as a matter of fact.'

Earliest 'Jesus is God' inscription found in Israel deemed 'greatest discovery since the Dead Sea Scrolls'
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-14096551/earliest-inscription-jesus-god-israel-prison-ancient-discovery.html

Is There Historical Evidence for the Darkness & Earthquake at the Crucifixion?
https://www.christianevidence.net/2017/12/historical-evidence-darkness-earthquake.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawG1SUdleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHTV-nJW5nbp_aW2Ap4V3_-1to02myBUO6dOOkAUTx4FQNfT5vAUQCXiolQ_aem_B179Mk97vSyEG7hgM3v7_w

Is There Historical Evidence for the Darkness & Earthquake at the Crucifixion?

"And when the sixth hour had come, there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour." (Mark 15:33) During the last three hours of Jesus’ death on the cross, an unusual darkness struck the land. This darkness was most definitely a result of God's direct intervention, because it can't have been a solar eclipse for the following two reasons:

The maximum duration for a total solar eclipse is seven minutes, not three hours, and at the latitude of Jerusalem the maximum duration is even less. A solar eclipse can occur only at new moon, but we know that Jesus was crucified at the time of Passover (Matthew 26:2; Mark 14:1–2,12; Luke 22:1–2, 7; John 13:1), and that the Passover is at the time of full moon (Exodus 12:1–11; Leviticus 23:5).

The New Testament records the three-hour darkness during Christ’s crucifixion (Matthew 27:45, Mark 15:33, Luke 23:44–45). But it is also confirmed by four other historians outside the Bible: Phlegon, Thallus, Africanus and Tertullian. These historians attempt to interpret the darkness as a direct effect of a solar eclipse which we know is scientifically not possible - but they wouldn't have known that in their time.

Evidence from Phlegon

Phlegon was a Greek historian who wrote an extensive chronology around AD 137. Phlegon provides powerful confirmation, identifying the year and the exact time of day. In addition, he writes of an earthquake accompanying the darkness, which is specifically recorded in Matthew’s Gospel (Matthew 27:51):

"In the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad (i.e., AD 33) there was ‘the greatest eclipse of the sun’ and that ‘it became night in the sixth hour of the day [i.e., noon] so that stars even appeared in the heavens. There was a great earthquake in Bithynia, and many things were overturned in Nicaea.’"1

Evidence from Africanus Africanus composed a five volume History of the World around AD 221. He was also a pagan convert to Christianity. Africanus writes:

"On the whole world there pressed a most fearful darkness; and the rocks were rent by an earthquake, and many places in Judea and other districts were thrown down. This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Savior falls on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun. And it cannot happen at any other time but in the interval between the first day of the new moon and the last of the old, that is, at their junction: how then should an eclipse be supposed to happen when the moon is almost diametrically opposite the sun? Let opinion pass however; let it carry the majority with it; and let this portent of the world be deemed an eclipse of the sun, like others a portent only to the eye. Phlegon records that, in the time of Tiberius Caesar, at full moon, there was a full eclipse of the sun from the sixth hour to the ninth—manifestly that one of which we speak. But what has an eclipse in common with an earthquake, the rending rocks, and the resurrection of the dead, and so great a perturbation throughout the universe? Surely no such event as this is recorded for a long period."2

Evidence from Thallus

Thallus wrote a history of the eastern Mediterranean world since the Trojan War. Thallus wrote his regional history in about AD 52.6. Unfortunately his original writings have been lost, however he is specifically quoted by Julius Africanus as in the quote above, and Africanus was a renowned third century historian. Africanus stated, ‘Thallus, in the third book of his histories, explains away the darkness as an eclipse of the sun—unreasonably as it seems to me.’3 Thallus attempted to give a naturalistic explanation to the darkness during the crucifixion.

Evidence from Tertullian An additional possible reference to the Darkness, is related by St. Tertullian (160-220), in his Apology addressed to the "rulers of the Roman Empire". He also writes of the Darkness at Christ's Crucifixion:

"And yet, nailed upon the cross, He exhibited many notable signs, by which His death was distinguished from all others. At His own free-will, He with a word dismissed from Him His spirit, anticipating the executioner’s work. In the same hour, too, the light of day was withdrawn, when the sun at the very time was in his meridian blaze. Those who were not aware that this had been predicted about Christ, no doubt thought it an eclipse. You yourselves have the account of the world-portent still in your archives."4

Earthquake, April 3, 33 A.D

After three hours of darkness at midday on April 3, 33 A.D., Jesus died on the cross. Immediately, the curtain of the sanctuary of the temple was torn, a great earthquake occurred, and rocks were broken.

“And when Jesus had cried out again in a loud voice, he gave up his spirit. At that moment the curtain of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom. The earth shook, the rocks split and the tombs broke open.” (Matthew 27:50-51) In Wadi Ze’elim, located above the southwestern shore of the modern Dead Sea exists an outcrop of laminated Dead Sea sediment. This sediment outcrop is a distinctive one-foot thick “mixed layer” of sediment that is tied strongly to the Qumran earthquake’s onshore ground ruptures of 31 B.C. (see Figure 2 below).

Thirteen inches above the 31 B.C. event bed is another distinctive “mixed layer” less than one inch thick. The sedimentation rate puts this second earthquake about 65 years after the 31 B.C. earthquake! (31 B.C. + 65 yrs = 33 A.D) There is direct physical evidence in the thin layer of disturbed sediment from the Dead Sea, of an earthquake around 33 A.D. The evidence also shows it likely to have been a magnitude 5.5.

Secular Geologist, Jefferson Williams of Supersonic Geophysical, and colleagues Markus Schwab and Achim Brauer of the German Research Center for Geosciences, researched the Dead Sea and revealed that at least two major earthquakes occurred: A widespread earthquake in 31 B.C. and a seismic event that happened sometime between the years 26 and 36. Thus, this earthquake was clearly the one at Jesus' crucifixion.

These are powerful evidences for the historicity of the darkness at Christ’s crucifixion, and the earthquake. They were real historical events.

References:

https://creation.com/darkness-at-the-crucifixion-metaphor-or-real-history http://www.icr.org/article/greatest-earthquakes-bible/ http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47555983/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/quake-reveals-day-jesus-crucifixion-researchers-believe/#.Wiu9sUqWaUk http://www.wall.org/~aron/blog/darkness-at-noon/

1 Maier, Paul. Pontius Pilate (Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House, 1968), p. 366. Phlegon’s citation is a fragment from Olympiades he Chronika 13, ed. Otto Keller, Rerum Naturalium Scriptores Graeci Minores, 1 (Leipzig Teurber, 1877), p. 101. 2 Julius Africanus, Extant Writings, XVIII in The Ante–Nicene Fathers, ed. by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973), vol. VI, p. 130, as cited in Gary R. Habermas, The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ, (Joplin, MO: College Press Publishing Company), 1996. 3 Habermas, Gary. The Historical Jesus, pp. 196-7, College Press Publishing Company, 1996. 4 Tertullian, Apologeticus, Chapter 21, 19 cited in Bouw, G. D. (1998, Spring). The darkness during the crucifixion. The Biblical Astronomer, 8(84). Retrieved November 30, 2006 from [2]. Tertullian, Apologeticus, Chapter 21, 19

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